Acute Myelogenous Leukemia: An Overview
Acute myelogenous leukemia (AML) is a malignancy affecting the blood and bone marrow, the soft tissue within bones where blood cells originate.
The term “acute” signifies the swift progression of this disease. It is labeled myelogenous leukemia due to its impact on a category of white blood cells known as myeloid cells, which typically evolve into various mature blood cell types, including red and white blood cells, and platelets.
This condition is also referred to by other names, such as acute myeloid leukemia, acute myeloblastic leukemia, acute granulocytic leukemia, and acute nonlymphocytic leukemia.
Symptoms The initial symptoms of acute myelogenous leukemia can be similar to those of influenza or other prevalent illnesses.
Characteristic symptoms of AML include:
- Fever
- Bone discomfort
- Weariness and exhaustion
- Breathing difficulties
- Pallor
- Recurrent infections
- Proneness to bruising
- Abnormal bleeding, like frequent nosebleeds and gum bleeding
Consulting a Physician If you notice any symptoms that are out of the ordinary or concerning, it is advisable to schedule a consultation with a physician.
Etiology AML arises from genetic mutations in a bone marrow cell’s DNA, the blueprint that governs a cell’s functions. Typically, DNA instructs a cell on its growth pace and lifespan. In AML, these mutations cause the cell to proliferate uncontrollably.
This leads to the overproduction of immature cells that become leukemic white blood cells known as myeloblasts. These defective cells cannot perform adequately and may outnumber healthy cells.
The exact origins of the DNA alterations resulting in leukemia are unknown, but certain risk factors have been recognized.
Risk Factors The likelihood of developing AML can be influenced by several factors:
- Age: AML risk escalates with age, particularly in individuals over 65.
- Gender: Males have a higher incidence of AML than females.
- Prior cancer therapy: Previous chemotherapy and radiation treatments can heighten the risk of AML.
- Radiation exposure: High-level radiation exposure, such as that experienced by nuclear accident survivors, increases AML risk.
- Chemical exposure: Contact with specific chemicals, like benzene, has been associated with a higher AML risk.
- Smoking: Cigarette smoke, containing benzene and other carcinogens, is linked to AML.
- Other hematological conditions: Pre-existing blood disorders, such as myelodysplasia, myelofibrosis, polycythemia vera, or thrombocythemia, can elevate AML risk.
- Genetic anomalies: Genetic conditions, such as Down syndrome, correlate with a heightened AML risk.
